正文翻譯

為什么罪犯需要洗錢，而不是用他們囤積的錢過日子？

評論翻譯Kate StonemanYou mean like, pay for everything in cash?Problem is, any transaction of $10K or greater going through a financial institution is going to be reported to the government. So you can’t put that money in the bank. And you can’t use cash to buy big assets, like mansions, land, stocks and businesses, because all of these involve financial institutions. I mean, theoretically, you can structure such purchases in a way that you just show up with a suitcase full of cash, but that will make normal law-abiding people suspicious, leaving you in the position of being unable to buy what you want or having to deal strictly with other criminals.Once you set big purchases and bank accounts aside, what’s left? Let’s see: budget cars, groceries, gas, clothes and utilities. That’s it. That would keep most of your money in limbo and allow you to enjoy very little of it.So long as we are talking about criminals making major dough, such that they need to launder it, the goal of taking the risk of making so much money illegally is to build wealth, ensure economic security and eventually get out from under the criminal enterprise. A lifetime of prepaid basic expenses does not allow that.你是說用現(xiàn)金支付一切？問題是，任何通過金融機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行的1萬美元或以上的交易都將上報政府。所以你不能把這筆錢放在銀行里。你不能用現(xiàn)金購買大資產(chǎn)，比如宅第、土地、股票和生意，因為所有這些都涉及金融機(jī)構(gòu)。我的意思是，從理論上講，你可以這樣做，你僅僅帶著一個裝滿現(xiàn)金的行李箱出現(xiàn)，但這會讓正常守法的人產(chǎn)生懷疑，讓你無法購買你想要的東西，或者你只能與其他罪犯進(jìn)行交易。一旦你失去了大額采購和銀行賬戶，你還剩下什么？讓我們看看：廉價汽車、雜貨、汽油、衣服和公共服務(wù)。就是這樣。這將使你的大部分錢處于僵化的狀態(tài)，并讓你只能享受很少的一部分。只要我們談?wù)摰氖琴嵈箦X的罪犯，這樣他們就需要洗錢，冒著非法賺這么多錢的風(fēng)險的目標(biāo)就是創(chuàng)造財富，確保經(jīng)濟(jì)安全，并最終金盆洗手。預(yù)先攢夠的終身基本生活費并不能讓他們實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。Marc ClamageBack in the 80s I was sharing studio space with a couple of other artists in an old warehouse in a suburb of Boston. A guy approached us about taking over half the space. He was a drug dealer looking to go legit so he decided to open a frx shop. He refurbished the space, bought top-of-the-line equipment, and hired some top notch frxrs (i.e., people who knew how to make French and linen mattes, gold leaf expertise, that kind of thing).That was 35 years ago and last time I checked he was still there.早在80年代，我和其他幾位藝術(shù)家在波士頓郊區(qū)的一個舊倉庫里合租工作室。一個人走向我們，說要占據(jù)一半的空間。他是一個想金盆洗手的毒販，所以他決定開一家畫框店。他翻新了場地，購買了一流的設(shè)備，并雇傭了一些頂尖的裝裱師（即知道如何制作法式和亞麻式啞光的人，金箔專家，諸如此類的人）。那是35年前的事了，上次我發(fā)現(xiàn)他還在那里。L. Thomas RouseMost people think that finding a briefcase with a million dollars in it would be the solution to all their problems. It isn’t. You haven’t found a solution. You've found another problem.You can’t walk into a car dealership and hand them $45,000 in cash for a car. They probably won’t accept it, and if they did, their bank will want to know where they got it. They’ll say it was you, which will bring various government entities to your door.You can’t go to a realtor or even a private owner and give them $500K in $20 bills for a house for the same reason.The answer to that is money laundering. You have to turn your ill-gotten gains into negotiable instruments, which means depositing them into a bank or other financial institution.Back in the day, a common way to do that was to find a bank manager with a morally casual attitude about where his deposits come from and bribe him to ask no questions. The scene in Scarface where Tony Montana walks into a Miami bank with duffel bags full of cash was not that far-fetched.Over the years banking laws have become more strict, so that scenario has become unlikely and money laundering has become more sophisticated. One of the common methods is called mingling.大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為，搞到一個裝有一百萬美元的公文包將是解決他們所有問題的辦法。不，你還沒有解決問題。你發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一個問題。你不能走進(jìn)一家汽車經(jīng)銷店，交給他們45000美元現(xiàn)金買車。他們可能不會接受，如果他們接受了，他們的銀行會想知道他們從哪里得到這筆錢的。他們會說是你給的，這將會導(dǎo)致各種政府部門來到你的家門口。出于同樣的原因，你不能去找房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人，甚至是私人業(yè)主，給他們由20美元紙幣組成的50萬美元買房。解決這個問題的答案是洗錢。你必須把你的不義之財變成可流通票據(jù)，這意味著把它們存入銀行或其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)。回想當(dāng)年，一種常見的做法是找一位在道德上對他的存款來源持隨意態(tài)度的銀行經(jīng)理，賄賂他不要問任何問題。《疤面人》中托尼·蒙塔納（Tony Montana）帶著裝滿現(xiàn)金的行李袋走進(jìn)邁阿密一家銀行的場景并不那么牽強(qiáng)。多年來，銀行法變得更加嚴(yán)格，因此這種情況變得不太可能，洗錢也變得更加復(fù)雜。一種常見的方法叫做混合法。A criminal with a lot of money to hide will purchase a legitimate business, preferably one that's service-based and deals on a cash basis. This clip from Breaking Bad is one of the best explanations of how it might work I have ever seen:But as money laundering has become more sophisticated, so have the laws regarding it. Some of these laws hold the financial institutions civilly and in some cases, criminally responsible for knowing where their deposits originate under a doctrine called “Know your customer.”To protect themselves banks employ modern banking software that includes AML modules that scan all deposits and withdrawals looking for patterns and anomalies that indicate possible money laundering. The software generates the required reports automatically and submits them to law enforcement at the click of a button.一個有很多錢要隱藏的罪犯會購買一項合法的生意，最好是一項基于服務(wù)和現(xiàn)金交易的生意。這段來自《絕命毒師》的視頻是我見過的關(guān)于它如何運作的最好解釋之一：但是，隨著洗錢變得越來越復(fù)雜，有關(guān)洗錢的法律也越來越復(fù)雜。其中一些法律要求金融機(jī)構(gòu)根據(jù)“了解你的客戶”的原則，對其存款來源承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任，在某些情況下，還要求金融機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)刑事責(zé)任為了保護(hù)自己，銀行使用現(xiàn)代銀行軟件，其中包括反洗錢模塊，可以掃描所有存款和取款，尋找表明可能洗錢的范例和異常。該軟件自動生成所需的報告，并通過點擊按鈕將其提交給執(zhí)法部門。One problem with the example in the clip is the software is programmed to know what normal cash flow should be for legitimate businesses. If the profit margin is excessive for that type of business, or their payroll isn’t big enough to handle the cash flow, the account is going to get flagged.The best businesses to use for money laundering are service-based businesses that deal primarily in cash. Bars are good, strip clubs are very good, primarily because men who will run tabs on a credit card at a bar will pay for everything with cash at a strip club. Most of the time a criminal will deal with several businesses to spread the money out and reduce the chance of the activity being caught.The dumb way to do it is to deposit money in several different banks and keep the deposits to $10,000 or less. This is called structuring, it is a form of money laundering, and it is illegal. If you do it at different branches of the same bank, the software will catch it and generate a Suspicious Activity Report to the IRS, Secret Service, and FBI.Any business that deals in cash-in/cash-out transactions such as Venmo, Paypal, and even casinos, which are not banks, have the same reporting requirements. Money laundering is not as easy as it used to be.視頻中案例的一個問題是，該軟件被編程為知道合法商業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)的正常現(xiàn)金流應(yīng)該是多少。如果這類業(yè)務(wù)的利潤率過高，或者他們的工資支出不足以應(yīng)付現(xiàn)金流，那么該賬戶就會被標(biāo)記。用于洗錢的最佳商業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)是主要以現(xiàn)金交易的服務(wù)型商業(yè)。酒吧很合適，脫衣舞俱樂部非常合適，主要是因為在酒吧用信用卡付賬的男人會在脫衣舞俱樂部用現(xiàn)金支付一切。大多數(shù)情況下，罪犯會參與多種商業(yè)活動，以分散資金，減少活動被抓的幾率。愚蠢的做法是把錢存入幾家不同的銀行，并將存款保持在10000美元或更少。這被稱為結(jié)構(gòu)化，也是洗錢的一種形式，是非法的。如果你在同一家銀行的不同分行做這件事，軟件會捕捉到，并向美國國稅局、特勤局和聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局生成可疑活動報告。任何從事現(xiàn)金收付交易的企業(yè)，如Venmo、Paypal，甚至是賭場，而不是銀行，都有相同的報告要求。洗錢不像以前那么容易了。